Chapter 52: A Mixed Bag

Forensic Science and Criminology

Introduction: The word “forensic” is derived from a Latin word “forensic”, meaning “forum” or “court of law”. Forensic science is a technique of using scientific methods in solving crimes. It draws upon various branches of science, such as physical, chemical, medical and biological sciences. The Government of India had established in 1972, the National Institute off Criminology and Forensic Science (New Delhi-110085) to undertake research and training in criminology and forensic science. However, its educational programmes are open only to in-service personnel.

The Government had also established three Central Forensic Laboratories at Calcutta, Hyderabad and Chandigarh. Besides, there is a Government Examiner of Questioned Documents in Hyderabad. All State Governments have also their own Forensic Science Laboratories to assist the police in crime investigation. In the USA, such laboratories are called Police Laboratories. One of the branches of forensic science is forensic medicine which is the application of medical knowledge to the investigation of crime, particularly for establishing the causes of injury and death. Study of forensic medicine is a part of medical education, as an area of specialisation at the postgraduate levels (MD and Diploma).

Forensic science is offered by a small number of universities at the Certificate, PG Diploma and Master’s Degree level often along with criminology (or criminal science) (see below). While the entry requirement for the M.Sc course is a degree in science, graduates in all branches are admitted in M.A courses.

It may be mentioned here that the Andhra University (Visakhapatnam-530003) had introduced in 2000, a M.A degree course in Criminal Justice in collaboration with the City University of New York. The course is open to graduates in any branch and also in service candidates working in any of criminal justice system including forensic science and forensic medicine.

The Bureau of Police Research and Development (New Delhi-110003) in the Ministry of Home Affairs undertakes research in forensic science and criminology. Besides, it offers Junior Research Fellowships in five areas, viz., Forensic Chemical Science, Forensic Biological Science (including DNA Finger Printing), Forensic Physical Science, and Forensic Documents Science (including computer frauds and cyber crimes). The fellowships (Rs.5,000 per month for the first two-years and Rs.5,600 per month for the third year) are tenable at the three Central Forensic Science Laboratories (Calcutta-7000014, Hyderabad-500013, Chandigarh-160036) and Government Examiner of Questioned Documents (Hyderabad-5000153).

Educational Opportunities: Anna University (Chennai-600025)-Post-BE Diploma in Forensic Engineering)

Bundelkhand University (Jhansi-284128)- PG Diploma in Forensic Science; PG Diploma in Criminology

University of Delhi (Delhi-110007)-Certificate in Forensic Science

Dr B R Ambedkar University (Agra-282004)- M.Sc (Forensic Science)

Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalay (Sagar-470003) – M.Sc (Criminology), M.A (Criminology and Forensic Science)

Lucknow University (Lucknow-226007) – PG Diploma in Forensic Anthropology

University of Madras (Chennai-600005) – M.A (Criminology), and also M.Sc (Forensic Science) at its Forensic Science Department

Osmania University (Hyderabad-500007) – M.Sc (Forensic Science in collaboration with AP State Forensic Science Laboratory

Punjab University (Chandigarh-160014) – PG Diploma in Forensic Science and Criminal Science

Punjab University (patiala-14702) – M.Sc (Forensic Science).

Futurology

Introduction: Futurology is the study of long-term trends in society in order to develop and promote alternative ways of dealing with future events and conditions. It helps both governments and private enterprises to make intelligent decisions. Three other terms viz., “future research”, “future studies” and “forecasting” are also used to describe this field of study. World War II was the turning point for research in futurology. In the USA, several institutions, such a RAND Corporation, Standford Research Institute and Hudson Institute undertook many future-oriented studies. Alvin Toffler’ (1928-) book Future Shock published in 1970 popularised the concept of futurology.

A number of journals with such titles as Futures (1968-), Futurology, Journal of Forecasting, Planning and Policy also appeared. A wide variety of methods is used by futurologists to make forecasts ranging from simple but informed hunches to complex computer analyses. Two general types of forecasting methods are exploratory and normative forecasts. Exploratory forecasts involve the examination of the past historical data and looking into the future by projecting probability outcomes. Normative forecast, on the other hand, uses market analyses and relevance trees and picturises the future shape of things in order to facilitate decision making that will achieve the predicted or preferred future. Yet another method is Delphi, an anonymous questioning process used to obtain the judgement of a panel of experts, and scenario writing which uses a narrative to present a picture of the future.

In India, only three universities have introduced courses in the subject. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya (Indore-452001) at the Master’s degree level-M.Sc (Future Studies), M.Tech (Future Studies and Planning), University of Pune (Pune-411007)-M.Sc (Futurology); and Pondicherry University (Pondicherry-605014)-M S (Future Studies). Andhra University (Visakhapatnam-530003) offers a course in M.Tech (Future Studies and Remote Sensing). Gujarat Vidyapith (Ahmedabad-380009) offers a Postgraduate Certificate Course of one-year duration.

Gandhian Studies

Introduction: The prophetic observation of William James Durant (1885-1981), the renowned American historian that “centuries hence he would be remembered, when of his contemporaries, hardly a name will survive…” is proving to be evident from the increasing crop of writings on his relevance on today’s strife-torn world. Gandhi as an academic discipline has been introduced in several universities. Mahatma Gandhi University has established a School of Gandhian Thought and Development Studies. Six universities offer it as one of the subjects in the B.A course. A list of universities offering M.A and Diploma programmes on Gandhian studies follows:

Educational Opportunities: University of Allahabad (Allahabad-211002)-PG Diploma; Annamalai University (Annamalainagar-608002) - M.A: PG Diploma; Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University (Agra-282004) – PG Diploma; Gujarat Vidyapith (Ahmedabad-380009) – M.A; Karnataka University (Dharwad-583003) – PG Diploma; Madurai Kamaraj University (Madurai-625021) – M.A; also M.A (Peace Making); PG Diploma; Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith (Varanasi-221001) – M.A (Gandhian Philosophy); Mahatma Gandhi University (Kottayam-686569) – M.A (Gandhian Thought and Development Studies, M.Phil (Gandhian Thought); Manonmanian Sudaranar University (Tirunelveli-627012) – PG Diploma; University of Mysore (Mysore-570005) – PG Diploma; Nagpur University (Nagpur-440001) – M.A; PG Diploma; Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University (Bhagalpur-812007) – M.A; Punjab University (Chandigarh-160014) – M.A.

Human Rights

Introduction: Not a day passes without media reporting on gross violation of human rights the world over. Human rights are basic political and social conditions to which every individual entitled as a human being. The principles of human rights include every person’s right to be free from coercion by others including the governments, freedom of speech, freedom of the Press, freedom to join others in pursuing political goals, and representative governments. The most significant development in human rights has been the adopting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations on December 10, 1948 which serves as the “common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations”. This was followed by the adoption of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in December 1966.

Several international organisations, such as UN Commission on Human Rights (1945), the European Court of Human Rights (1958), Amnesty International (1961) are concerned with different aspects of human rights. There are also a large number of non-governmental organisations in different countries which act as watch-dogs to ensure that their respective governments enforce laws relating to human rights. India is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and also had ratified the two international Covenants on Civil and Political Rights, and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Most of the provisions of the Universal Declaration have also been incorporated in Part III of the Indian Constitution under Fundamental Rights which are enforceable by the courts of law. The Government of India had also passed the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (Act 10 of 1994) which provides for the constitution of National Human Rights Commission, State Human Rights Commissions and Human Rights Courts.

Educational Opportunities: Human Rights is an essential component of legal education. Apart from studying it at the first degree level in law, many universities offer the subject in the postgraduate and postgraduate diploma programmes. The introduction of the subject as an academic discipline outside the law departments is however a recent development. The following is a list of courses offered by some universities:

Aligargh Muslim University (Aligarh-202002) – M.A (Human Rights); Annamalai University (Annamalainagar-608002) – PG Diploma in Human Rights and Peace; A P S University (Rewa-486003) – M.A (Human Rights); Banaras Hindu University (Varanasi-251005) – LLM (Human Rights); Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya (Bhopal-304032) – PG Diploma in Human Rights; Bharati Vidyapeeth (Pune-411030) – PG Diploma in Human Rights; Bundelkhand University (Jhansi-284128) – B.A (Hons) Human Rights; Dr B R Ambedkar Open University (Hyderabad-500033) – PG Diploma in Human Rights (Distance Learning Mode); University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad-500046) – PG Diploma in Human Rights (Distance Learning Mode); National Law School of India University (Bangalore-560072) – PG Diploma in Human Rights Law (Distance Learning Mode); Pondicherry University (Pondicherry-605014) – PG Diploma in Human Rights; RLEK Human Rights Centre (Dehra Dun-248001) – PG Diploma in Human Rights (Recognised by Visva-Bharati). A widely advertised course outside the university system is the two-year PG Diploma Programme in Human Rights offered by the Indian Institute of Human Rights (Maidangarhi Marg New Delhi-110030).

Industrial Safety

Ensuring industrial safety in factories is the concern of the Union Ministry of Labour and the State Departments of Labour. The Directorate General, Factory Advice Service and the Labour Institutes in the Ministry of Labour offer a Diploma Course in Industrial Safety of one-year duration at the Central Labour Institute (Mumbai-400022) and Regional Labour Institutes (Calcutta-700089), Chennai-600113, and Kanpur-208005). Eligibility requirements are (i) degree or diploma in engineering and technology or B.Sc degree (with Physics and Chemistry), (ii) practical experience in a supervisory capacity for two years for engineering graduates, and five years for diploma holders and science graduates.

Internet

Introduction: Internet, which was born about 23 years back as APRAnet as an experimental computer network of the US Department of Defence, has now grown into a global matrix of connected computers used by governments, educational institutions, corporations, newspapers, individuals, and many more. Since the connecting links are telephone lines, the Internet may also be called as the world’s largest online network. No one, however, own the network. The owners of each individual network make their own decisions about whether to get connected and what services they would permit their users to access. They are thus responsible for their own little part of the vast network and the costs involved. The absence of any centralised body to control or regulate the Internet has led to a lot of duplication of services and means. Also there is no single authoritative and comprehensive source of information about who is connected to Internet and what is available on it.

A dictionary has, therefore, described it thus: “Highly disorganised, quickly evolving, extremely progressive in the technology, variegated and uneven, growing exponentially, the Internet is a deep and intriguing well of multimedia content and potential”. (Hayden Mead and Brad Hill: The On-Line/E-Mail Dictionary. NY, Berkley Books, 1997 p.83).

Only a few years ago, the Internet operated in quite different environment. Primarily a vast collection of text and programme files, it used to be navigated by command language similar to DOS. However, the development of the hypertext markup language (HTML) provided a standard for a new kind of multimedia Internet documents, one capable of linking the other HTML document and eventually and anything else on the entire global network. Thus was born the World Wide Web (www) or the Web-the graphical, multimedia segment of the Internet.

The Indian Scene: With a rather shaky beginning the Internet phenomenon is spreading very fast in India. The passage of the Information Technology Act and several positive policy decisions of the Government relating to Internet Service Providers (ISP) have paved the way for the steady growth of subscribers and users. However, widely divergent figures are quoted frequently in the press about the current status and future estimates. The latest in the ICRA’s Industry Watch Services. The Internet Business Report contains a mine of information of the Internet scene in India. According to the Report, the Internet subscriber base would expand from the current level of about 0.85 million to about 8.3 million in the next five years. However, the number of users is larger than subscribers, just as the readership figures are to circulation figures of newspapers.

The total number of users at present is about 3.97 million which is likely to go up to about 21.52 million within the next four years. A recent NASSCOM survey (July 2000) puts the current figure of subscribers at one million which is expected to touch four million in March 2002 and 8 million in March 2003. More than 80 private ISP providers would be fully operational by March 2001. As against only one international gateway operating at present, there would be 12 gateways facilitating connectivity. The NASSCOM envisages that with the improvement in the bandwidth and penetration of Internet through PCs and Cable TV, the Internet user base is likely the shoot up to 23 million by December 31, 2003. The Internet growth is expected to spur e-commerce in a big way. Internet sector currently employs about 82,000 people and it is expected that the figure would cross five lakhs by March 2003. It should however, noted that Internet sector employs people specialising in various segments associated with Internet activities.

Educational Opportunities: Like any other frontier areas of Information Technology, it is the private IT training industry which has introduced a wide variety of Internet related programmes. The duration of the programmes vary from 2 days (often several hours) to two years. The Dataquest survey (see page 264) lists 113 courses dealing with Web and Internet, constituting 9.4% of the total number of IT courses offered by private institutions. Here is a sampling of the course labels: Web Design, Web Design and Publishing, Web Developer, Web Engineering, Web Technology, Advanced Computing (Web Technologies), Software Technology (Web Technologies), Web Multimedia, Web Centric Computing, HTML, ASP, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), Internet Application & Java, Internet Securities.

Some of the major training institutions are: Aptech Computer Education, Asset International, BITECH, BITS, CMC, Datapro, ELNet3L, Kashyap Radiant System NIIT, Pentasoft, SSI, STG Tata Infotech, World Wide Web Institute. NIIT offers several long-term Internet programmes such as Professional Diplomas in (i) Web Centric Computing, and (ii) Network-Centred Computing (both of two-year duration), Advanced Diploma in Web Centric Computing (18 months), Honours Diploma in Web Centric Computing (12 months), Certificate in Web Centric Computing (Six months). The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST) (Mumbai-400049) has introduced a Postgraduate Diploma in Internet Technology of 12 month duration.

Of late the universities have also started entering the field. The Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore-560012), a deemed university, is the first to introduce a high-level ME course in Internet Science & Engineering during the academic year 200-01. The course of 1 ½ years duration and is open to degree holders in engineering with valid GATE score. Kurukshetra University (Kurukshetra-136119) has introduced a three-year B.Sc course in Internet Science (BIS) in collaboration ZED Interactive Learning Systems Ltd. Eligibility requirement is a pass in 10+2 in science or commerce stream. Arts students with mathematics, commerce or computers as a subject of study are also eligible.

Career Opportunities: Needless to mention that this virgin area of IT which promises rosy career opportunities will attract many youngsters. Those who want to enter the field should first great an overview of what Internet is all about by reading some non-technical books, such as The Complete Idiot’s Guide to the Internet (Prentice-Hall of India). This may be followed up by undergoing an introductory short-term course. This will help them to decide about further studies.

Medical Transcription

Introduction: Broadly speaking, medical transcription (MT) is the process of translating from oral to printed form (on paper or using a word processor) the record of the medical history and treatment of patients. Doctors and other health professionals now rely on skilled medical transcriptionists to transform spoken words into comprehensive medical records that accurately describe the medical histories, diagnoses and treatments of patients. It may be mentioned in this connection that medical documentation which also involves recording the medical history of patients has for long been a part of healthcare system. In India also there are a number of training progrmmes on the subject (See Annexure 8 to Chapter 17 Allied Health Sciences). The Standard Occupational Classification (US Department of Labour) describes the tasks of medical transcriptionists thus: “Use transcribing machines with headset and foot pedal to listen to recordings by physicians and other healthcare professionals dictating a variety of medical reports, such as emergency room visits, diagnostic imaging studies, chart, review and final summaries. Transcribe dictated reports and translate medical jargons and abbreviations into expanded forms. Edit as necessary and return reports in either printed or electronic form to dictator for review and signature or correction”.

With the spectacular developments in communication technologies, it is no longer necessary for the medical professionals to record the dictation on to a machine. They now dictate into a telephone the medical report of their patients covering such details as diagnosis, surgery, medication, treatment, etc. The voice goes to a dedicated central computer server where it is converted into digital signals which are then beamed up to a communication satellite. These are picked up by transcription service providers, often across the globe, decoded and reconverted into sound (voice mail). The transcriptionist listens to it over their headphones and transcribe it into written form keying it into the computer. The transcribed report after ensuring that it is accurate at least to the extent of 98.5% is sent back to the central computer which beamed the message, also as digital signals through the satellite. The transcriptions after being processed are sent to medical professionals as a printed report. The time taken to complete the entire process is about 24 hours.

The demand for MT services in the USA has been increasing for several reasons. Medical records contain valuable information about diseases and treatment, which is useful for medical studies and research. But much more importantly, medical records are legal documents and often may be required to settle law suits relating to cases of medical negligence. They are also needed to support medical insurance claims which run into billions of dollars. Handwritten reports are more often than not unclear and create many problems. Since the offices of doctors are not adequately equipped to deal with such documentation which should be prepared within 24 hours of a consultation or surgery, medical transcription companies stepped into create medical documents within the stipulated period.

Since the demand for qualified medical transcriptionists far outstrips supply, US transcription companies and hospitals are looking for overseas service providers to fill up the gap. Fortunately for India, availability of satellite communication facilities, skilled software specialists, and manpower possessing good knowledge of English have made them to look to India for service providers. Further, India is 10-12 hours ahead of most parts of the USA and therefore, processed transcriptions become available to the doctors and hospitals by the next business day. Though a computer related activity, medical transcriptionists do not need specialised IT or software development skills. MT is not “value-added stenography”. Medical transcriptionists should among others, possess good listening skill in order to follow diverse accents (typical American ones), dialectical variations, varying dictation styles, and American English (even American slang!). They must also be acquainted with American places and names, medical language and terminology, and posses skills for typing fast accurately. Long and continuous working hours glued to computer terminals often makes the task tiresome and monotonous though.

Like any other area of IT there are various estimates of the manpower requirements. According to the projection made by the National Association of Software Service Companies (NASSCOM), by 2007-08 the demand for medical transcriptions would be of the order of 1.6 lakh. The figure in 1997-98 was 2,500.

Educational Opportunities: Sensing such high demand, in no time training shops sprouted in various parts of the country. Many such schools set up fly-by-night operators started offering courses of three or four month’s duration charging hefty fees. According to the medical transcription companies, these schools only produce unemployable manpower. However, there are a number of reputed training schools, including medical transcription companies, whose training schools, including medical transcription companies, whose training programmes conform to standards set by the American Association for Medical Transcription (AAMT). (website: www.aamt.org/aamt, e-mail:aamt@sma.com) Some of these institutions also receive technical support from US transcription companies.

Eligibility requirements for most of the courses of 4-6 months duration generally are: graduate degree (often 10+2 pass) preferably in science, good command of English, and knowledge of typing. The training covers, among others, computer basics, operation of dictation and transcription word processing equipment, English language with particular reference to American English style, comprehension of medical language and terminology, names of drugs, medico-legal concepts and ethics, and techniques and practices of medical transcription. After acquiring adequate work-experience qualified transcriptionists can take-up certification offered by the AAMT to become Certified Medical Transcriptionists.

The examination consists of two parts-written test (multiple-choice type) and practical test (transcription of documents). The questions cover such areas as medical terminology, usage of English, anatomy and physiology, and healthcare records. In the practical test, the candidates are required to transcribe, proof read and correct a variety of medical documents in one of the 19 areas of medicine. They can prepare for the examination using test practice kits available in the market.

Some of the well-known schools having adequate infrastructural facilities and credible track records are: (1) Goodwill School of Medical Transcription (Bangalore-560001), KG Information System (Coimbatore-641018), (2) Centre for Medical Transcription Services (Bangalore-650025), (3) Novatech Institute of Teleworking (Bangalore), (4) Global Institute of Teleworking (Bangalore-560001); (5) Stesalit Infotech Ltd (Calcutta-700027); and (6) Medical Transcription Education Centre (New Delhi-110065). Several universities have also introduced courses in MT, e.g., Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal-576119) – Master’s Degree Course in Medical Transcription and Data Management (three semesters), Jadavpur University (Calcutta-700032) – The course is open to graduates in biosciences, pharmacy and allied subjects with good knowledge of English; Dr BR Ambedkar University (Agra-282004) – Diploma in Medical Transcription (at its affiliated institution Dr Zakir Hussain Institute of Medical Transcription); Alagappa University (Karaikudi-630003) – PG Diploma in Medical Transcription (through Distance Learning Mode); Osmania University (Hyderabad-500007) – Certificate Course in Medical Transcription (focusing on English language conducted by the English Language Training Centre); KC College of Management Studies (Mumbai-4000020) in association with Induj Enertech Ltd – a course of one-year duration open to holders of Bachelor’s degree in science with proficiency in English. Successful candidates are awarded Certificate of Proficiency in Medical Transcription.

The All India Council for Technical Education, under its continuing education programme (AICTE-CEP), recognises some of the transcription schools.

Merchant Navy

Merchant Navy (also known as Merchant Marine) is a term which encompasses a fleet made up of a nation’s commercial ships and persons who operate them. It includes both cargo and passenger ships. Cargo ships are basically of four types-general cargo ships, tankers, bulk carriers, and multipurpose ships. The importance of nation’s merchant ship is not measured by the number of ships it owns, but by their gross tonnage (100 cubic feet of space equals one gross ton). Technically, Liberia the tiny African nation has the world’s largest merchant navy. About 1,550 ships totalling 51 million gross tons (mgt) fly Its flag although few are actually owned by Liberians. Many ship owners from other countries register their vessels in Liberia because it h as lower taxes, permits owners to pay lower wages, and do not insist on incorporation of many safety features in the vessels.

Other countries which allow such registration are Panama (41.3 mgt), Bahamas and Hondurs. The countries which register foreign ships are called Flag of Convenience (FOC) countries. Among other large fleet owing nations are Japan (38.49 mgt) and the USA (19.9 mgt). India ranks 17^th in the world of shipping tonnage (66.86 mgt) with 92 shipping companies the Shipping Corporation of India, a public sector undertaking established in 1961, being the biggest (3.07 mgt). Three private sector companies which own two lakh or more gross tonnage are: (1) Great Eastern Shipping Company Ltd, (2) Eassar Shipping Company Ltd., and (3) Chowgule Steamships Ltd. The responsibility of Indian shipping vests in the Ministry of Surface Transport. The National Shipping Board, a statutory body set up under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, advises the Ministry on shipping matters, specified in the Standards of Training Certification and Watch keeping for seafarers (STCW) Convention, 1995.

International Maritime Organisation, (IMO), a specialized agency of the United Nations promotes cooperation among governments in matters involving international shipping. It deals with such subjects as equipment, crew standards, and control of pollution originating from ships. It has also drawn up guidelines for education and training of merchant navy personnel.

Basically, the Merchant Navy consists of three Departments, viz., (1) the Deck Department, (2) the Engine Department, and (3) the Service Department. The deck department is primarily responsible for navigation, loading, unloading, and discharging of cargo. It comprises the captain (or master) of the ship and several ranks of officers. The deck department is also responsible for the passengers on board. The engineering department consists of the chief engineer, marine engineer officers, radio officers (see Ship Radio Officer in this Chapter), electrical officers, and junior engineers. They operate, install, and repair engines, supervise and coordinate the activities of the engine room crew, inspect the engines and other electrical and mechanical equipment. The service department looks after the kitchen, laundry, medical facilities and the like. It deserves mention that marine engineering jobs in ships are now open to women candidates also.

Educational Opportunities DGS Programmes: In India, the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) (Mumbai-400001) in the Ministry of Surface Transport is responsible for exercising regulatory control over education and training of merchant navy personnel and also for conducting certificate of competence examinations. It has established three training institutions, viz., (1) TS (Training Ship) Chanakya (Navi Mumbai-400706), a shore-based academy for providing training in navigation (nautical science); (2) Marine Engineering and Research Institute (MERI) (Calcutta-700088) for preparing marine engineers for engineering departments of ships, and (3) LBS College of Advanced Maritime Studies and Research for providing pre-sea training in a comprehensive range of courses for merchant navy personnel.

While T S Chanakya offers a three-year course leading to the award of B.Sc (Nautical Science) by the University of Mumbai, MERI offers a four-year degree course in marine engineering (equivalent to B.Tech). About 90 and 120 seats are available in T S Chanakya and MERI, respectively. Qualification requirement for both the courses is a pass in 10+2 examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Age should not be more than 20. Candidates should be mentally and physically fit for arduous sea life. For the nautical science course, the candidates should have normal vision and those wearing glasses are not eligible. The candidates for the marine engineering course, however, are allowed glasses up to plus or minus 2.5. Admissions are made on the basis of performance in the IIT-JEE (See Chapter 9- Admission Procedures).

After successful completion of the nautical science course, candidates (cadets) are required to undergo practical training on the deck of a merchant ship for one-year before becoming eligible to be a second mate officer on the ship. Marine engineers (also cadets) on the other hand, are taken as Junior Engineer Officers on a ship on completion of the course at MERI. Merchant Marine Education and Research Trust (MMERT) recently constituted by Indian and foreign ship owners assists the Government by providing funds for the development of maritime education. L B S College of Advanced Maritime Studies and Research is one of the beneficiaries. The college is likely to become the Indian Maritime University.

Other Institutions: Courses in nautical sciences and marine engineering approved by the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) are also offered by several institutions affiliated to universities.

A up-and-coming training institution with great promise is Tolani Maritime Institute (TMI) (Pune-411004) it has developed a campus well equipped with infrastructural facilities on the Telegaon-Chakkan Road. It offers a four-year course in marine engineering in collaboration with the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Pilani) leading to the award of BS degree. Eligibility requirement is a pass in 10+2 examination with at least 60% of aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics and at least 50% marks in English either in Class 10 or Class 10+2 examination. Upper age limit is 20 years. Candidates should conform to physical standards specified by the Institute.

Selections are made on the basis of their academic performance (aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics in 10+2 examination) and interview. Of the 120 seats, some are filled up by students selected by the Directorate General of Shipping for MERI. The tuition fee is Rs.50,000 per semester (inclusive of hostel charges). Women candidates are required to pay Rs.40,000 per semester. The Institute awards merit scholarships approximately to 20% of the top ranking cadets for each semester through reimbursement of their fees. On the successful completion of the course, students can also seek the Associate Membership of the Institution of Engineers (India) (See Chapter 31 – Engineering & Technology - Alternative Routes).

Other institutions offering nautical science and marine engineering courses are: (1) Andhra University, College of Engineering (Visakhapatnam-530003) – B.Tech (Marine Engineering), (2) Mohammad Sathak Engineering College (Kilakarai0623806) (affiliated to Madurai-Kamaraj University) – BE (Marine Engineering), (3) Naval Maritime Academy (Visakhapatnam-530008) (affiliated to Andhra University) – B.Sc (Technology) (Marine Engineering), (4) R L Institute of Nautical Science (Madurai-625002) (in collaboration with the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani_ - BS (Marine Engineering), (5) Vel’s Academy of Maritime Studies (Chennai-600117) (affiliated to University of Madras) – B.Sc (Nautical Science). Interface College of Maritime Studies (Chennai-602102) also offers a three-year (sandwich course) course in marine engineering approved by the DGS. The course is open to male students who have passed the 10+2 examination with Physics. Chemistry and Mathematics.

Other Avenues: There are also other avenues for entering the merchant navy. A brief account of such opportunities follows:

MERI’s Bombay universities conduct training programmes of six months duration to degree holders in mechanical engineering. The graduate engineers are sponsored by various Indian and foreign shipping companies through the MMERT for admission to the programme.

The Shipping Corporation of India (SCI) also recruits Trainee Nautical Officer Cadets (TNOCs) and Trainee Marine Engineers (TMEs). The eligibility requirements of TNOCs are: a pass in 10+2 examination with physics, chemistry and mathematics and age not more than 20 years or B.Sc degree with physics and mathematics and age not more than 22 years or BE/B.Tech degree and age not more than 23 years. The selection is made on the basis of an admission test. They are required to undergo training involving three steps before they are appointed as Junior Nautical Officers: (1) pre-sea training of four months duration at an institution approved by the DGS; (2) on-board training of 24/36 months duration on an SCI vessel; and (3) post-sea education course.

The cost of pre-sea training is approximately Rs.85,000. Additionally, the candidates are required to pay approximately Rs.60,000 for distance learning programme. The candidates are entitled to free board and lodging and a stipend during on-board training. The post-sea education is for preparing trainees to obtain Second Mate (Foreign Going) Certificate of Competence. The cost of the post-sea education is approximately Rs.1.20 lakh to be borne by the candidates. This certificate of competence makes them eligible for appointment as Junior Nautical Officers. The present gross salary is about Rs.35,000 per month. On gaining further experience and obtaining higher certificate of competency, the incumbents have the opportunity to rise to the rank of Master (or Captain). The present gross salary of a Master is about Rs.63,000 per month.

The eligibility requirement for TMEs are BE/B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering and age not exceeding 25 years. Selection is made on the basis of an entrance test. The duration of one-year training is divided into two parts; (1) six months pre-sea training course ashore and (2) six months on-board training on ships. The pre-sea training is provided by Marine Engineering Research Institute (Mumbai), Cochin Shipyard Ltd. (Cochin) or in any other DGS approved training institutions. The cost of pre-sea training is about Rs.72,000 to be borne by the candidates. During six months on-board training, the candidates are entitled to free board and lodging and stipends.

After successful completion of one-year training, the candidates are appointed as Fifth Engineer Officers on any vessel of SCI. However, the appointment is subject to obtaining the MOT Class II (Part A) Exemption Certificate from the DGS. The gross salary of Fifth Engineer Officers is approximately Rs.27,000 per month. The incumbents have the opportunity rise to the rank of Chief Engineer Officer after gaining experience and obtaining higher Certificates of Competency.

Three other institutions offering DGS approved pre-sea training courses of various durations are (1) Institute of Maritime Studies (Goa-403802) – 12 months’ course for graduates in mechanical engineering; (2) Tamil Nadu Maritime Academy (Chennai-600035), (Thoothukkudi-628001) (an autonomous institution of the Tamil Nadu Government – Seaman Rating (Deck) and both open to Class 10 passed Candidates; (3) National Union of Seafarers of India (NUSI) (Mumbai-400028) – Seaman Rating (Catering Department) at NUSI Maritime Academy (Goa) and Dr Leo Barnes Pre-Sea Academy (Nhava, Navi Mumbai) open to Class 10 passed candidates. The total cost is about Rs.35,000.

The Academy of Maritime Education and Training (AMET) (Chennai-600093) offers, in collaboration with Glasgow College of Nautical Studies (UK), two programmes, viz., Higher National Diploma in Marine Engineering (2 ½ years) and Higher National Diploma in Nautical Science (3 ½ years). Both the courses are open to candidates who have passed 10+2 examinations. Courses are conducted both at Chennai and Glasgow.

The AMET also conducts, in collaboration with AP Moller (Maersk), a major ship-owning company, a 3 ½ – year Diploma in Maritime Studies (Marine Power Plant) leading to Class 5 Engineering Officer Certificate of Competency issued by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. Eligibility requirement is a pass in Class 10+2 examination. The courses are conducted both at Chennai and Singapore (National Maritime Academy).

Besides, many Indian and foreign private shipping companies also recruit cadets and put them through requisite training before they are appointed as navigating officers and marine engineers. Like any other programmes, the entry requirement is a pass in 10+2 examination with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics for navigating officers and a degree in mechanical engineering for marine engineers.

A recent international study by BIMCO-IST had predicted a shortage of 46,000 officers (marine engineers and navigation officers) by 2010 from today’s deficiency of 16,000. The study has also projected an over supply of ratings (lower cadre non-officers) of 2.55 lakh by the year 2010. According to study, Indian seafarers are highly rated, compared to their counter parts from the Philippines and China, two other major crew supplying nations. The Government of India has introduced several steps to comply with the updated requirements and measures specified by the IMO at its Standards of Training Certification and Watch keeping for seafarers (STCW) Convention (19595). It is also setting up a national database of seafarers to prevent the menace of fraudulent certificates. The database would contain particulars about training institutions, examinations and certifications.

Merchant navy offers exciting career opportunities with fabulous compensation packets. It should, however, be remembered that to withstand the rough and tumble of the sea faring life needs mental and physical stamina, a high degree of alertness, a cheerful disposition and team spirit. All the candidates are, therefore, subjected to rigorous medical examinations at the selection stage itself. Before seeking entry into merchant navy courses, the candidates must ensure that they conform to the specified physical standards.

Packaging Technology

Although packaging is a flourishing industry, the Indian Institute of Packaging (E-2 MIDC Area, Andheri (E) Mumbai-400093) set up by the packaging industry is the only institute for imparting training in the packaging technology. It has three Regional Centres at Chennai, New Delhi, and Calcutta. It offers a two-year Postgraduate Diploma in Packaging in Mumbai. It also proposes to offer it at the Chennai and New Delhi Regional Centres, Eligibility requirement is B.Sc with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Microbiology (any one as main subject) or Agriculture, Food Science, or Engineering and Technology with a minimum of 55% marks in the aggregate.

Admission is based on an entrance examination held in Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, and New Delhi. It also offers a Graduate Diploma Course in Packaging (18 months) through distance learning. Since the Institute is supported by the packaging industry, qualified candidates do not face many problems in getting placements. The Regional Centre at Chennai (Chennai-6000995) offers a three-month full-time Certificate Programme on Packaging. Graduates in any branch, and degree and diploma holders in engineering and technology are eligible. The certificate is accredited by the Asian Packaging Federation. Bundelkhand University (Jhansi-2884128) has a PG Diploma programme in Food Packaging.

Plastics Engineering and Technology

While about 14 engineering and technology institutions offer BE/B.Tech courses in Plastics (Polymer) Engineering and Technology, the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (Guindy, Chennai-600032) is an exclusive training institute set up by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers to impart training in the subject. It has 11 extension Centres at Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bhopal, Bhubhaneswar, Hyderabad, Imphal, Lucknow, Mysore, Patna, Guwahati and Haldia (West-Bengal). The Institute offers the following eight programmes at Chennai and all the Extension Centres:

(1)  PG Diploma in Plastics Engineering (One-year). Eligibility: BE/B.Tech/B.Sc En (Four-years) in Mechanical/Chemical/Production/Polymer/Tool Engineering

(2)   PG Diploma in Plastic Processing Technology (One-year). Eligibility: B.Sc with Chemistry

(3)   PG Diploma in Plastics Testing and Conversion Technology (One-year). Eligibility: B.Sc with Chemistry

(4)   PG Diploma in Plastics Composite Technology (One-year). Eligibility: B.Sc with Chemistry

(5)   Post Diploma in Plastics Mould Design (One-year). Eligibility: Diploma in Mechanical/Plastics/Technology/Tool Engineering/Production Engineering or CIPET Diploma in Plastics Mould (Technology DPMT)

(6)   Post Diploma in Machine Maintenance (One-year). Eligibility: Polytechnic Diploma in Mechanical/Electrical and Electronic Engineering or CIPET DPMT

(7)   Diploma in Plastic Mould Technology (Three years). Eligibility: A pass in Class 10 examination with Mathematics, Science and English

(8)   Diploma in Plastics Mould Making (Two-years). Eligibility: Trade Certificate in Turning/Fitting/Machinist.

Political Science and International Relations

Introduction: Political science may be defined primarily as the study of the structures and activities of governments. However, in recent years, the scope of the subject has been enlarged to include private and public activities that influence governments. The discipline is divided into several fields of study. Though the number and names vary somewhat with different educational institutions, three fields are fairly universal; (1) national politics, (ii) international politics, and (iii) comparative politics. Most of the countries lay more emphasis on their own political institutions and systems and processes in their educational programmes. International politics is concerned with the interrelationships among national governments, international organisations and often multinational corporations.

Separate courses are also offered in this field called International Relations. Comparative politics involves in-depth study of government and politics in specific countries and the study of similarities and differences among them. Political science is offered as one of the combinations at the first degree level by more than 100 universities. At the postgraduate level the subject is also available in more than 100 universities. International Relations course is offered by only four universities. Viz., Jadavpur University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Jiwaji University, and Mahatma Gandhi University. Many universities which offer postgraduate course in the subject also have facilities for pre-doctoral and doctoral studies. A list of some universities offering M.A programme follows:

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra University (Visakhapatnam-530003); University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad-500046); Osmania University (Hyderabad-500007); Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning (Prasanthinilayam-515134); Sri Venkateshwara University (Tirupathi-517502).

Arunachal Pradesh: Arunachal University (Itanagar-791112).

Assam: Assam University (Silchar-788001); Dibrugarh University (Dibrugarh-786004); Gauhati University (Guwahati-781014).

Bihar: Lalit Narayan Mithila University (Darbhanga-846008); Patna University (Patna-800005); Ranchi University (Ranchi-834008).

Delhi/New Delhi: Jamia Millia Islamia (New Delhi-110025); Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi-110067) – M.A (Political Science with International Relations of 2 ½ years duration; University of Delhi (Delhi-110007).

Goa: Goa University (Goa-403206).

Gujarat: Gujarat University (Ahmedabad-380009); MS University of Baroda (Vadodara-380002); Sardar Patel University (Vallabh Vidyanagar-388120).

Haryana: Kurukshetra University (Kurukshetra-136119); Maharshi Dayanand University (Rohtak-124001).

Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh University (Shimla-171005).

Jammu & Kashmir: University of Jammu (Jammu-180006); University of Kashmir (Srinagar-180006).

Karnataka: Bangalore University (Bangalore-560056); Karnatak University (Dharwad-580003); Mangalore University (Managalagangoghri-574199); University of Mysore (Mysore-570005).

Kerala: University of Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram-695034); Mahatma Gandhi University (Kottayam-686560) – M.A (Political Science) and M.A (International Relations); University of Calicut (Kozhikode-686560).

Madhya Pradesh: Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya (Bhopal-462026); Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya (Indore-452001) – M.A (International Relations); Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (Sagar-470003); Jiwaji University (Gwalior-4740011); Vikram University (Ujjain-456010).

Maharashtra: Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University (Aurangabad-431004); University of Mumbai (Mumbai-4000032); Nagpur University (Nagpur-440001); University of Pune (Pune-411007); SNDT Women’s University (Mumbai-400020).

Manipur: Manipur University (Imphal-795003).

Meghalaya: North Eastern Hill University (Shillong-793022).

Nagaland: Nagaland University (Kohima-797001).

Orissa: Berhampur University (Berhampur-768007); Sambalpur University (Sambalpur-768019); Utkal University (Bhubaneswar-751004).

Pondicherry: Pondicherry University (Pondicherry-605014).

Punjab: Punjab University (Chandigarh-160014); Punjabi University (Patiala-147002).

Rjasthan: Banasthali Vidyapith (Banasthali Vidyapith-304022); University of Rajasthan (Jaipur-302004) – M.A (Political Science), Post-M.A Diploma in International Affairs, Post-M.A Diploma in Indian Government and Politics.

Tamil Nadu: Annamalai University (Annamalainagar-600002)); University of Allahabad (Allahabad—211002); Banaras Hindu University (Varanasi-221005); Bundelkhand University (Jhansi-284128); Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar University (Agra-282004); Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (Srinagar, Garhwal-246174); University of Lucknow (Lucknow-226007); M J P Rohilkhand University (Bareilly-243001).

West Bengal: University of Burdwan (Bhardhaman-713104); University of Calcutta (Calcutta-700073); Jadavpur University (Calcutta-700032) – M.A (International Relations); Rabindra Bharati University (Calcutta-7000500).

Population Studies

Introduction: The problems posed by the unprecedented surge in population hardly needs any emphasis. According to the National Population Policy, 2000 of the Government of India, the country is projected to have on 11 May 2000, one billion (100 crore) people, i.e., 16% of the world’s population on 2.4% of the globe’s land area. Slowing down the rate of growth is high on the agenda of most of the nations and the United Nations. Recognising that planning of families would enhance individual health and welfare, the Government of India was the first nation to initiate in 1951 a comprehensive Family Planning programme. The Department of Family Welfare in the Ministry of Health and Family Planning is responsible for evolving plans and programmes in family planning. Not surprisingly, therefore, population studies have become an important academic discipline.

Population studies concern the general social pattern of a group of people living within a certain geographical area. Two major components of population studies are demography and human ecology. Demography is the systematic study of the size, composition and distribution of human population. In its wider definition, when it is also called Population Studies, demography not only deals with levels and changes in the size, composition and distribution of population but also with causes and consequences of levels and changes.

Human ecology deals mainly with the structure of urban environments and their pattern of settlement and growth. Population studies and demography need data on population collected systematically through successive censuses generally conducted once in ten years (decennial censuses). Some of these aspects are also covered in courses in urban and country planning (See Chapter 10-Architecture and Planning). India has the distinction of having a population database going back to 1881 when the first population census was conducted.

Educational Opportunities: About 15 universities offer Population Studies course at the Postgraduate degree (M.A) and Postgraduate diploma level. Four universities offer the subject as one of the combinations at the first degree level.

International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS): IIPS (Mumbai-400088) is the only university level institution for imparting education in population studies. Established in 1956 as the Demographic Training and Research Centre to serve as the regional institute for training and research in population studies, it was renamed as International Institute for Population Sciences in 1984 to facilitate expansion of its academic activities. In 1984, it was accorded the “deemed to be university” status. The Institute offers four programmes (1) Diploma in Population Studies (DPS). Duration: One year. Eligibility: Bachelor’s degree with some experience in handling population data. (2) Master of Population Studies (MPS). Duration: One-year.

Eligibility: Master’s Degree in any of these subjects: Statistics, Mathematics, Economics, Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, Geography and Social Work. Candidates selected are entitled to Government of India Fellowships. (3) Master of Population Studies (MPS) through distance learning. Duration: Minimum two years and up to a maximum of four years. Eligibility: As is in the regular programme. (4) PhD Programme: Eligibility: Master’s degree in Population Studies with at least 50% of marks in aggregate or candidates who have passed NET in Population Studies or candidates with Master’s degree in Social Science, Statistics or Mathematics with 55% marks in the aggregate. However, they are required to undergo pre-doctoral study of one year duration.

Other Courses: Annamalai University (Annamalainagar-608002) – M.A (Distance Learning Mode), Pg Diploma; Banaras Hindu University (Varanasi-221005) – M.A; Bharathiar University (Coimbatore-641046) – M.A; Bhavnagar University (Bhavnagar-364002) – PG Diploma; University of Burdwan (Bardhaman-713104) – PG Diploma; Guru Ghasidas University (Bilaspur-495009) – PG Diploma; University of Madras (Chennai-600005) – PG Diploma (Population Education); Madurai-Kamaraj University (Madurai-625021) – PG Diploma (Population Dynamics); Punjab University (Chandigarh-160014) – PG Diploma; Pondicherry University (Pondicherry-605104) – PG Diploma; University of Rajasthan (Jaipur-302004) – PG Diploma (Population Ecology); Shivaji University (Kolhapur-416004) – PG Diploma in Population Education; Sri Venkateshwara University (Tirupati-517502) – M.A, PG Diploma.

Public Administration

Introduction: Government in all countries comprise a set of legal and political institutions that regulate the relationships among members of their societies. The institutions have the authority to make decisions for the societies on policies affecting the maintenance of order and the achievement of certain socio-economic and political goals. Public Administration involves the study of the ways authority is distributed, the divisions of government, and the functions of government. the subject is offered at the first degree and pre-doctoral and doctoral level. At the first degree level it is available as one of the combinations in about 30 universities. The following is a list of universities offering the subject at the postgraduate level.

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra University (Visakhapatnam 530003) Kakatiya University (Warangal 506009) Nagarjuna University (Guntur 522510) Osmania University (Hyderabad 500007) Sri Krishnadevaraya University (Anantapur 515003) Sri Venkateshwara University (Tirupati 517502).

Bihar: Magadh University (Bodh Gaya 824234) Patna University (Patna 800005).

Gujarat: South Gujarat University (Surat 395007).

Haryana: Kurukshetra University (Kurukshetra 136119) Maharshi Dayanand University (Rohtak 124001).

Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh University (Shimla 171005).

Karnataka: Karnatak University (Dharwad 580003).

Madhya Pradesh: Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya (Bhopal 462026) Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (Sagar 470003) Jiwaji University(Gwalior 474011) Pt Ravishankar University (Raipur 492010) Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya (Jabalpur 482001).

Maharashtra: Dr Babasahed Ambedkar Marathwada University (Aurangabad 431004) Nagpur University (Nagpur 440001) Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University (Nanded 431606).

Meghalaya: North Eastern Hill University (Shillong 793022). Orissa: Sambalpur University(Sambalpur 768019) Utkal University(Bhubaneswar 751004).

Pondicherry: Pondicherry University (Pondicherry 605014).

Punjab: Punjab University (Chandigarh 160014) Punjabi University (Patiala 147002).

Rajasthan: Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University (Ajmer 305001) University of Rajasthan (Jaipur 302004).

Tamil Nadu: Annamalai University (Annamalainagar 608002) Bharatidasan University (Tiruchirappalli 620024) University of Madras (Chennai 600005) Madurai-Kamaraj University (Madurai 625021).

Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh Muslim University (Aligarh 202002) University of Lunknow (Lucknow 226007).

Ship Radio Operators

Introduction: Ship Radio Operation belonging to the Maritime Mobile Service, is responsible for all communications from ship to shore (and vice versa) and ship to ship via various communication channels including of course satellites. Designated as Radio Officers (now Radio Electronics Officers or Eletro-Technical Officers), they are very important crew members on board a ship who generally report direct to the master of the ship. The certificate of proficiency in wireless telegraphy second class (COP-II) had been the basic minimum statutory requirement to work as a radio officer. Two other higher level certificates are, radio operator’s general certificate (ROGC) and COP-special class.

Keeping in view the spectacular developments in satellite technology, the international maritime organisation has introduced a more effective communication system called global maritime distress safety system (GMDSS). Since February 1, 1999, it has become mandatory for all shipping companies to comply with all GMDSS requirements. The Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC) Wing in the Ministry of Communications is responsible for designing the syllabus, determining the eligibility criteria and conducting examinations for awarding proficiency certificates.

The WPC Wing in consultation with the directorate general of shipping and other related agencies, had accordingly modified the Indian Wireless Telegraphy (Commercial Radio Operator's Certificate of Proficiency and Licence to Operate Wireless Telegraphy) rules 1954 to conform to articles 55 and 56 of the International Radio Regulation of the International Telecommunication Union (Geneva).Training for appearing in the proficiency examinations is offered by private institutions, but the WPC Wing does not recognise any institution. However, it works with some institutions for conducting the examinations.

Some institutions which offer the training progremme are Indian Maritime College (Chennai 600017), Academy of Maritime Education and Training (Chennai 600093), and Royal Telegraph & Wireless Training Institute (Chennai 600002) Academy Maritime Education and Training conducts a conversion programme (24 weeks), in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology (Chennai) for holders of COP-II with about five years of experience on board of ships. Eligibility requirement for COP (II) is a pass in Class 10 examination. Students interested in undergoing the training must ensure that the institutions possess all the latest satellite communication equipment, radar and other advanced communication equipment.

Sociology

Introduction: Sociology is the study of the individuals, groups and institutions that make up human society. It covers an extremely broad range that includes every aspect of human social conditions. Sociology, a branch of social sciences is closely related to anthropology. Sociology as one of the combinations is offered at the first degree level by more than 90 universities. As equal number of universities offer the subject at the postgraduate level. Some universities also offer it through distance learning mode. The following is a list of some universities which offer it at the post-graduate level.

Educational opportunities

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra University (Visakhatnam 530003) University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad 500046) Osmania University(Hyderabad 500007).

Assam: Assam University (Silchar 788001) Dibrugarh University (Dibrugarh 786004).

Bihar:Lalit Narayan Mithila University (Darbhanga 846008) Patna University(Patna 800005).

Delhi/ New Delhi: Jamia Millia Islamia (New Delhi 110025) Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi 110067) University of Delhi(Delhi 110007).

Goa: Goa University (Goa 403206).

Gujarat: Gujarat University(Ahmedabad 380009) M S University of Baroda(Vadodaara 390002)

Haryana: Maharshi Dayanand University(Rohtak 124001).

Himachal Pradesh: Himachal Pradesh University(Shimla 171005).

Jammu & Kashmir: University of Jammu (Jammu 180006) University of Kashmir(Srinagar, J&K 190006).

Karnataka: Bangalore University (Bangalore 560056) Karnatak University (Dharwad 580003) Mangalore University (Mangalagangothri 574199) University of Mysor(Mysore 570005).

Kerala: University of Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram 695034) Mahatma Gandhi University ((Kottayam 686560) University of Calicut(Kozhikode 673635).

Maharashtra: University of Mumbai (Mumbai 400032). Nagpur University(Nagpur 440001) University of Pune (Pune 411007) S N D T Women's University(Mumbai 400020).

Nagaland: Nagaland University (Kohima 797001).

Orissa: Sambalpur University(Sambalpur 768019) Utkal University(Bhubaneswar 751004).

Punjab: Guru Nank Dev University (Amrisar 143005) Punjab University(Chandigarh 160014) Punjabi University(Patiala 147002).

Rajasthan: Banasthali Vidyapith (Banasthali Vidyapith304022) Mohanlal Sukhadia University (Udaipur 313001) University of Rajasthan(Jaipur 302004).

Tamil Nadu: Annamalai University (Annamalainagar 608002) Bharathiar University(Coimbatore 641046) University of Madras(Chennai 600005) Madurai-Kamaraj University(Madurai 625021) Mother Teresa Women's University (Kodaikanal 624102)

Uttar Pradesh: Aligarh Muslim University(Aligarh 202002) University of Allahabad (Allahabad 211002) Banaras Hindu University(Varanasi 221005) Bhim Rao Ambedkar University (Agra 282004) University of Lunknow (Lucknow 226007) M J P Rohikhand University(Bareilly 243001).

West Bengal: University of Kalyani (Kalyani 741235) University of North Bengal (Bagdogra 734430) University of Burdwan (Bardhaman 713104).

Sports

Introduction: The Government of India's National Sports Policy resolution is based on a time-bound programme to provide infrastructure of sports and physical education in villages and towns and provide adequate equipment to sports persons.

Several steps have been taken for the promotion of sports.

In 1974 the Government of India established the Sports Authority of India (SAI) Which is now the nodal agency for broad-basing sports and for training sports persons to achieve excellence in national and international sports arena. Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (Patiala) and its allied centres at Bangalore, Calcutta and Gandhinagar and Lakshmibai National college of physical education (Thiruvananthapuram 696581) come under SAI. SAI has now six Regional centres at Bangalore, Gandhinagar,Calcutta, Chandigarh New Delhi and Imphal and two sub-centres at Guwahati and Aurangabad.

For the promotion of sports in university and colleges the association of Indian universities oversees organisation of coaching camps, sports competitions among college and university student and preparation of Indian university contingents for international competition. It also organises inter-University Tournaments throughout the year.

Educational Opportunities: As stated in chapter 50 (Teacher Education),the Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (Gwalior) which was under the control of SAI, has been accorded the status of a deemed to be university 1995. There is also an exclusive sports college-UP Sport College (Kursi road village Guramba, Lucknow). as an academic discipline sport is an important component of the physical education (See chapter 50 - teacher education) curriculum particularly at Master's degree level.

For Example the Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (New Delhi 110018) offers two courses focusing on both Physical education and sports sciences: (i) BSc (Physical education, health education and sports) of three year duration and master of physical education and sport (MPES) of two year duration. Three other universities which offer BSc (Physical Education, Health Education and sports) are University of Delhi, Shivaji University (Kolhapur 416004), and Panjab University. Netaji Subhas National institute sports now affiliated to the Punjab university (Patiala 147002) conducts a Diploma Course in sports coaching. The University has also introduced a master's degree course in Sports coaching which is open to graduates with Diploma in sport coaching Its Master of Physical education (MPEd) course also focuses on sports coaching.

Other sports related courses are: (i) Alagappa University (Alagappa University Karaikudi) - Master of Sports Physiotherapy (two years), diploma in sports management, (2) Guru Nanak Dev university (Amritsar 143005) -Master of Sports Physiotherapy (two years), (3)Mahatma Gandhi University (Kottayam 686580) - Master of Applied Science (sports medicine), (4) Aligarh Musilm University (Aligarh 202002) – BA (Physical health and sports education)-three years after 10+2:(5) University of Madras (Chennai 600005) - Diplomas in sports coaching, sports psychology, sports medicine, and sports Organisation and management: (6) SNDT Women's university (Mumbai 400020)-PG Diploma in sports science and Nutrition.

Scholarships: National, state and university and college level scholarships at the rate of Rs 600, Rs 450 and Rs 750 per month, respectively are awarded under the sports Scholarships scheme (earlier know as sports talent search Scholarships scheme).

VLSI Design

Simply stated, very -large -scale -integration(VLSI) is the fabrication of multiple control systems on to a single integrated circuit chip. It was in the 1970s that an Intel Corporation engineer Dr Ted Hoff created a tiny computer on a chip that led to the development of the Intel 4004, the world's first microprocessor. A microprocessor chip holes on a single chip the enter control unit and arithmetic-logic unit of a computer. The techniques called very-Large-Scale-Integration(VLSI) is now used for mass production of computer chip that contain even up to a million of transistors.

The number of courses in this field is still very limited. the two Indian Institutes of Technology at Chennai and New Delhi offer MTech (three-semester duration) in VLSI Design. The Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal 576119) has introduced a MS (VLSI CAD) course also of three-semester duration. The Centre for Development of Advance Computing (Pune) has been offering PG Diploma in VLSI Design of 18 weeks duration. The Course has now been franchised in some major cities. The other programmes are (i) M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies (Bangalore 500037) - Certificate in VLSI Design (21 weeks); and Vionix School of VLSI Design (Chennai 600020) - part- time course of three months duration. The ECIT (computer Division of ECIL, Hyderabad 500062) offers short-term programmes on specific aspects of VLSI Design.

Women's Studies

Introduction: With the focus on women's issues and concern for women's development three has been a sport in academic research on women's issues during the last three decades or so. The need for incorporation of women's studies in the university curriculum was felt by academics in the early 1980s. Following the recommendations of the First National Conference of women's Studies in the university curriculum was felt by academics in the early 1980s. Following the recommendations of the first national conference of women's Studies held at SNDT women's university (Mumbai) in 1981 and the Unesco workshop of 1982, the UGC suggested in 1983,to start programmes on women's students and incorporating it in the curricula of social sciences. Centres for women's Studies have since been established in many university the UGC also drew up Guidelines for the Development of women's studies in Indian university and colleges and provided financial support. The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is also providing finances for research in the area.